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Complete streets is a transportation policy and design approach that requires streets to be planned, designed, operated and maintained to enable safe, convenient and comfortable travel and access for users of all ages and abilities regardless of their mode of transportation. Complete Streets allow for safe travel by those walking, cycling, driving automobiles, riding , or delivering goods.
The term is often used by transportation advocates, urban planners, traffic and , public health practitioners, and community members in the United States and Canada. Complete Streets are promoted as offering improved safety, health, economic, and environmental outcomes. Complete Streets emphasize the importance of safe access for all users, not just automobiles.
Related concepts include , Woonerf, and .
Oregon enacted the first Complete Streets-like policy in the United States in 1971, requiring that new or rebuilt roads accommodate bicycles and , and also calling on state and local governments to fund pedestrian and bicycle facilities in the public right-of-way.Oregon Department of Transportation. "Bike Bill and Use of Highway Funds". Page updated February 4, 2007, accessed April 12, 2011. Since then, 16 additional state legislatures have adopted Complete Streets laws.
In 2003, Barbara McCann, who would later become the Executive Director of the National Complete Streets Coalition, coordinated a search for a replacement for the term "routine accommodation." The term "complete streets" was suggested by David Goldberg, the communications director for Smart Growth America, and it was adopted by a coalition of advocacy groups to refer both to a comprehensive approach to street design and to the coalition itself.
The National Complete Streets Coalition was founded in 2005 by a coalition of advocacy and trade groups, including AARP, the American Planning Association and the American Society of Landscape Architects. The American Public Transportation Association, Blue Cross Blue Shield Minnesota, the National Association of Realtors, and the Institute of Transportation Engineers are examples of other current Coalition Steering Committee members.
Federal complete streets legislation was proposed in 2008 and 2009, but failed to become law. "H.R. 1443: Complete Streets Act of 2009", "Govtrack.us", accessed March 10, 2011. "S. 584: Complete Streets Act of 2009", "Govtrack.us", accessed March 10, 2011.Library of Congress, "Bill Summary & Status" , Thomas. Accessed April 15, 2011.
In 2010, the U.S. Department of Transportation issued a policy statement on bicycle and pedestrian accommodation, declaring its support for their inclusion in federal-aid transportation projects and encouraging community organizations, public transportation agencies, and state and local governments to adopt similar policies. "Policy Statement on Bicycle and Pedestrian Accommodation" , "U.S. Department of Transportation", March 11, 2010, accessed April 15, 2011.
By early 2013, more than 490 jurisdictions in United States had adopted a Complete Streets policy, including twenty-seven states, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Some of these jurisdictions passed legislation enacting their policies into law, while others chose to implemented their policies by executive order or internal policy. Still more jurisdictions have passed non-binding resolutions in support of Complete Streets, or created transportation plans that incorporate Complete Streets principles.Smart Growth America, Complete Streets Policy Analysis , 2012
A federal Complete Streets Act has been introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate in 2019 and 2021, based on a similar Massachusetts law. HR 1289
Such elements have been used successfully in projects across the United States as shown in the following examples:
Complete Streets policies normally allow for three kinds of exceptions to roadway projects: freeways or other roads where non-motorized transportation is banned by law; roadways where the cost of accommodation would be too disproportionate to the need or expected use; and roadways where lack of present and future need is shown to make accommodation unnecessary. "Policy Elements" , "National Complete Streets Coalition", accessed February 16, 2011.
Successful Complete Streets implementation has helped some communities stimulate local economies. A revitalization project in Lancaster, CA helped create 50 new businesses and over 800 new jobs. After a 2007 Complete Streets redesign in parts of New York City, there was a nearly 50% increase in retail sales on 9th Avenue in Manhattan and a nearly 50% decrease in commercial vacancies in Union Square.
Transit and bicycle/pedestrian projects create more construction jobs than traditional roadway jobs: Complete Streets projects funded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created more jobs than projects on road repair and new construction. Under the stimulus, transit projects created nearly twice the job hours for every $1 billion than highway projects.Smart Growth America (2011) Recent Lessons form the Stimulus: Transportation Funding and Job Creation Pedestrian and bicycle projects create between 1.8 and 3.8 more jobs than auto-only projects.Garrett-Peltier, Heidi. Pedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure: A National Study of Employment Impacts. Political Economy Research Institute at University of Massachusetts Amherst. June 2011 This job creation, however, is not a free lunch since it requires greater government expenditure.
The 2009 National Household Travel Survey found that 39% of all trips in metropolitan areas are three miles or less and 17% of all trips are one mile or less.National Household Travel Survey, 2009 Most of these trips can easily be made on foot or bicycle and Complete Streets provide the infrastructure to allow people to safely do so. Traveling by foot or bike are zero-emission means of travel.
Communities with strong Complete Streets policies and implementation, including Boulder, Colorado, see a reduction in their emissions. Over the last several years, fewer people in Boulder drove alone and bicycle and transit trips increased. As a result, the city cut annual carbon dioxide emissions by half a million pounds.
At a total of 899 currently enacted Complete Streets policy documents within U.S, states and territories, the 82 Complete Streets policies passed and enacted in communities in 2015 have been analyzed by the National Complete Streets Coalition in collaboration with Smart Growth America under a policy grading-rubric consisting of comprehensive elements. In this analysis the Coalition found that community outreach and context sensitivity were important characteristics included throughout the documented examples and were weighted considerably in determining the efficiency and effectiveness of examined policies.
Complete Streets implementation is complementary in making sure transportation projects fit within their context in that implementation goals provided within policy align with context sensitive solutions such as instructing municipalities to include public meetings, maintained communication with stake-holders, and street transportation use classification. Additionally, community outreach that is promoted and achieved through educational opportunities of Complete Streets principles helps establish community social connectivity and encourages participation in active transportation modes.
In 2003, the Partnership for Active Communities established a five-year plan to bring together multidisciplinary organizations with the goal of moving toward Complete Streets and improving transportation facilities in the Sacramento, California area. Inter-organizational partnerships and a comprehensive communication plan within the effort lead to awareness of safety issues associated active transportation methods along under-designed infrastructure. Educational opportunities within the project helped solidify connectivity among community members and organizations while working to remedy transportation issues with influence in policy changes.
Some have claimed that transportation engineers in the US have become too focused on separating cyclists from pedestrians and motorists. This may limit cyclists’ perceptions of where it is acceptable to cycle. This claim is usually lodged by supporters of the controversial practice of vehicular cycling.
This page was adapted, with permission, from informational materials developed by the National Complete Streets Coalition. This information is in the public domain, and is not copyrighted material.
Design elements
The specific design elements of Complete Streets vary, based on context and project goals, but they may include:
Benefits
Proponents of Complete Streets policies believe that they improve safety, lower transportation costs, provide transportation alternatives, encourage health through walking and biking, stimulate local economies, create a sense of place, improve social interaction, and generally improve adjacent property values. Opponents may consider automobile-only infrastructure to be a better use of public funds, or consider efforts to encourage other forms of transportation to be coercive.O'Toole, Randal "Secretary of Behavior Modification", "Cato@Liberty", May 29, 2009, accessed April 15, 2011 Individual projects and policies have sometimes faced specific local opposition, typically based on concerns over traffic flow and automobile access. Gale Academic OneFile, Gale Document Number: GALE A206574233Goodman, J. David. (November 22, 2010). "Expansion of Bike Lanes in City Brings Backlash". New York Times, p. A26(L). Gale Academic OneFile, Gale Document Number: GALE A242640789, Accessed April 13, 2011.Juva, Theresa. "New 34th St. plan shrinks road, nixes pedestrian plaza idea". AM New York, March 13, 2011. Accessed April 12, 2011.
Safety
Complete streets policies are meant in part to improve safety, and various studies suggest that Complete Streets principles have done so. A Federal Highway Administration safety review found that designing the street with pedestrians in mind—sidewalks, raised medians, turning access controls, better bus stop placement, better lighting, traffic calming measures, and treatments for disabled travelers—all improve pedestrian, bicyclist and motorist safety.B.J. Campbell, Charles V. Zegeer, Herman H. Huang, and Michael J. Cynecki. A Review of Pedestrian Safety Research in the United States and Abroad. Jan. 2004, Federal Highway Administration, Publication number FHWA-RD-03-042 Rates of pedestrian injuries and fatalities decrease 88% when sidewalks are added, 69% HAWK signal are added, and 39% when medians are added.FHWA, An Analysis of Factors Contributing to "Walking Along Roadway" Crashes: Research Study and Guidelines for Sidewalks and Walkways.Report No. FHWA-RD-01-101, FHWA, Washington D.C., 2001. The University of Oregon published a before and after study of 25 complete street projects and found significant automobile speed crash reductions for projects throughout the country.
Health
A variety of reports and organizations have suggested that complete streets policies could improve public health by promoting walking and bicycling. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend adoption of a Complete Streets policy as a strategy to prevent obesity. A report of the National Conference of State Legislatures named Complete Streets policies as the most effective policy avenue for encouraging bicycling and walking.Shinkle, Douglas, & Teigen, Anne. (2008). Encouraging Bicycling and Walking: The State Legislative Role. National Conference of State Legislatures. One study found that 43% of people with safe places to walk within 10 minutes of home met recommended physical activity levels, while just 27% of those without safe places to walk were active enough.Powell, K.E., Martin, L., & Chowdhury, P.P. Places to walk: convenience and regular physical activity. American Journal of Public Health, 93, (2003): 1519-1521. The Institute of Medicine recommends fighting childhood obesity by changing Local ordinance to encourage construction of sidewalks, bikeways, and other places for physical activity.Koplan, J.P., Liverman, C.T., & Kraak, V.I. (Eds.). Committee on Prevention of Obesity in Children and Youth. (2004). Preventing childhood obesity: Health in the balance. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine. Retrieved December 7, 2004 from http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11015.html A report of the National Conference of State Legislators found that complete streets policies are the most effective policy avenue for encouraging bicycling and walking. Over one third of regular public transit users meet the minimum daily requirement for physical activity.Besser, L. M. and A. L. Dannenberg (2005). Walking to public transit steps to help meet physical activity recommendations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 29(4): 273-280.
Economic
Proponents of Complete Streets believe that as communities become safer, more attractive, and provide more transportation choices, local economies thrive and land values rise.
Environment
Complete Streets can also have a positive effect on the environment. By providing safe options for people to walk and bike, Complete Streets can lead to fewer people driving in their cars, resulting in lowered automobile emissions.
Benefits in policy
In addition to benefits provided by infrastructural elements of Complete Streets, the development of Complete Streets policy encourages facilitation of community inclusiveness and educational opportunities as well as establishes a context sensitive approach in design and implementation of transportation improvements.
Counterarguments
Critics have coined the term "incomplete streets" to refer to this trending redesign of roadways, arguing that a standardized redesign of streets neglects the history and social character of public spaces.Incomplete Streets
Processes, practices, and possibilities
Edited By Stephen Zavestoski, Julian Agyeman. Routledge, 2015 Projects have been criticized for the use of standardized, less durable design tools that do not compliment pre-existing spatial characters.
See also
External links
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